Education
Ph.D. in Biology, Texas A & M
University, College Station, Texas, 1981.
M.A. in Marine Biology, California State
University Long Beach, Long Beach, California, 1976.
B.S. in Biology, University of
California-Irvine, Irvine, California, 1974.
Experience
Dr.
Carr is a
marine ecotoxicologist with the
US Geological Survey,
Biological Resources Division,
Columbia Environmental Research
Center
(CERC), and is Station
Leader at the Marine Ecotoxicology Research Station (MERS) in
Corpus Christi, Texas. His research interests have focused on the sublethal responses of
marine animals to pollutants, particularly those involving growth and reproductive
processes. His recent research has focused on the development and application of the
porewater toxicity test approach for assessing the quality of marine and estuarine
sediments. He has also been actively involved in the development and application of
sediment quality guidelines. He is currently working on
the development of a Sediment Profile Imaging and
Micro-sampling System (SPIMS),
which will use real time digital imagery to guide the
positioning of the micro-measurements and sampling of precise depths and
features in the sediment profile. The SPIMS is a unique tool that can be
applied simultaneously to the study of numerous scientific aspects of bedded
sediments including benthic ecology, ecotoxicology, geochemistry, and
environmental chemistry. Dr.
Carr has authored or co-authored more than 75 publications and 100 technical
reports, and has recently co-edited a book on Porewater Toxicity Testing.
Selected publications
Carr, RS and DJ Reish. 1977. The effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on the survival and life history of polychaetous annelids. In: Fate and Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Marine Ecosystems and Organisms, DA Wolfe (ed.), Pergamon Press, New York, New York, pp. 166-173.
Reish, DJ and RS Carr. 1978. The effect of heavy metals on the survival, reproduction, development and life cycles for two species of polychaetous annelids. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 9:24-27.
Carr, RS and DJ Reish. 1978. Studies on the Mytilus edulis community in Alamitos Bay, California: VII. The influence of water-soluble petroleum hydrocarbons on byssal thread formation. The Veliger 21:283-287.
Carr, RS, LA Reitsema and JM Neff. 1980. Influence of a used chrome lignosulfonate drilling mud on the survival, respiration, feeding activity and net growth efficiency of the opossum shrimp Mysidopsis almyra. Symposium on Research on Environmental Fate and Effects of Drilling Fluids and Cuttings, Vol. II, Courtesy Associates, Washington, D.C., pp. 944-963.
McCulloch, WL, JM Neff and RS Carr. 1980. Bioavailability of heavy metals from used offshore drilling muds to the clam Rangia cuneata and the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Symposium on Research on Environmental Fate and Effects of Drilling Fluids and Cuttings, Vol. II, Courtesy Associates, Washington, D.C., pp. 964-983.
Neff, JM, WL McCulloch, RS Carr and KA Reitzer. 1980. Comparative toxicity of four used offshore drilling muds to several species of marine animals from the Gulf of Mexico. Symposium on Research on Environmental Fate and Effects of Drilling Fluids and Cuttings, Vol. II, Courtesy Associates, Washington, D.C., pp. 866-881.
Carr, RS and JM Neff. 1980. Determination of ascorbic acid in tissues of marine animals by liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Anal. Chem. 52:2428-2430.
Neff, JM, RS Carr and WL McCulloch. 1980-1981. Acute toxicity of a used chrome lignosulfonate drilling mud to several species of marine invertebrates. Mar. Environ. Res. 4:251-266.
Thomas, P, RS Carr and JM Neff. 1981. Biochemical stress responses of mullet Mugil cephalus and polychaete worms Neanthes virens to pentachlorophenol. In: Biological Monitoring of Marine Organisms, Academic Press, FJ Vernberg, A Calabrese, FP Thurberg and WB Vernberg (eds.), New York, New York, pp. 73-103.
Carr, RS, WL McCulloch and JM Neff. 1982. Bioavailability of chromium from a used chrome lignosulfonate drilling mud to five species of marine invertebrates. Mar. Environ. Res. 6:189-203.
Carr, RS, P Thomas and JM Neff. 1982. A simple spectrophotometric technique for the determination of pentachlorophenol in water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 28:477-479.
Carr, RS and JM Neff. 1982. Biochemical indices of stress in the sandworm Neanthes virens (Sars) I. Responses to pentachlorophenol. Aquat. Toxicol. 1:313-327.
Carr, RS and JM Neff. 1982. Biochemical indices of stress in the sandworm Neanthes virens (Sars) II. Sublethal responses to cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 2:319-333.
Carr, RS, M Bally, P Thomas and JM Neff. 1983. Comparison of methods for determination of ascorbic acid in animal tissues. Anal. Chem. 55:1229-1232.
Carr, RS and JM Neff. 1984. Quantitative, semi-automated, enzymatic assay for tissue glycogen. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 77B:447-449.
Carr, RS and JM Neff. 1984. Field assessment of biochemical stress indices for the sandworm Neanthes virens (Sars). Mar. Environ. Res. 14:267-279.
Carr, RS, JW Williams, FI Saksa, RL Buhl and JM Neff. 1984. Bioenergetic alterations correlated with reduced growth, fecundity and body burden of cadmium for Mysidopsis bahia during a life-cycle exposure. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4:181-188.
Carr, RS and 0 Linden. 1984. Bioenergetic responses of Gammarus salinus and Mytilus edulis to oil and oil dispersants in a model ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 19:285-291.
Reish, DJ, PS Oshida, FG Wilkes, AJ Mearns, TC Ginn and RS Carr. 1984. Effects on saltwater organisms. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed. 56:759-774.
Sharp, JR, RS Carr and JM Neff. 1985. The influence of a used chrome lignosulfonate drilling mud on the early life history of the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus. In: Wastes in the Ocean, IW Duedall, DR Kester, PK Park and BH Ketchum (eds.), John W. Wiley & Sons, New York, New York, pp. 307-322.
Reish, DJ, PS Oshida, AJ Mearns, TC Ginn, RS Carr, FG Wilkes and N Butowski. 1985. Effects on saltwater organisms. J. Water Pollut. Cont. Fed. 57:699-712.
Carr, RS, MD Curran and M Mazurkiewicz. 1986. Evaluation of the archiannelid Dinophilus gyrociliatus for use in short-term life-cycle toxicity tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5: 703-712.
Carr, RS and JL Hyland. 1986. Tributyltin water quality development and assessment. Addendum to Proceedings of the Ocean's '86 Organotin Symposium. 17 pp.
Carr, RS, JL Hyland, T Purcell, L Larson and LT Brooke. 1987. Provisional aquatic life advisory concentrations for tributyltin. Addendum to Proceedings of the Ocean's '87 Organotin Symposium. 6 pp.
Carr, RS, JM Neff and PD Boehm. 1987. A study of the fate and effects of chemically and physically dispersed oil on benthic marine communities using large-scale continuous flow exposure systems. In: Pollution Physiology of Estuarine Animals, WB Vernberg, A Calabrese, F Thurberg, and FJ Vernberg (eds.), University of South Carolina Press, Charleston, South Carolina, pp. 47-68.
Thomas, P, RS Carr and JM Neff. 1987. Biochemical stress responses and alterations of tissue ascorbic acid and glutathione content. In: Pollutant Studies in Marine Animals, CS Giam and LE Ray (eds.), CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 155-180.
Neff, JM, RE Hillman, RS Carr, RL Buhl and JI Lahey. 1987. Histopathologic and biochemical responses in Arctic marine bivalve molluscs exposed to experimentally spilled oil. Arctic 40:220-229.
Carr, RS and JM Neff. 1988. Influence of prior exposure to xenobiotics on the metabolism and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls and phenanthrene in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Mar. Environ. Res. 24:73-77.
Strobel, CJ, JH Gentile, SC Schimmel, RS Carr, JW Williams and D Redford. 1988. Proposed biological testing methods for the United States incineration-at-sea research program. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 19:605-610.
Carr, RS, JW Williams and CTB Fragata. 1989. Development and evaluation of a novel marine sediment pore water toxicity test with the polychaete Dinophilus gyrociliatus. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8:533-543.
Neff, JM, RJ Breteler and RS Carr. 1989. Bioaccumulation, food chain transfer, and biological effects of barium and chromium from drilling muds by flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, and lobster, Homarus americanus. In: Procceding of Symposium on the Fate and Effects of Drilling Fluids and Cuttings.
Long, ER, MR Buchman, SM Bay, RJ Breteler, RS Carr, PM Chapman, JE Hose, AL Lissner, J Scott and DA Wolfe. 1990. Comparative evaluation of five toxicity tests with sediments from San Francisco Bay and Tomales Bay, California. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:1193-1214.
Carr, RS, NG Reichenbach, GM DeGraeve, ME Barrows, TL Pollock, JA Fava and AH Glickman. 1990. Investigation of preference-avoidance responses to an oil refinery effluent with striped bass and steelhead trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9:1513-1521.
Carr, RS, RE Hillman and JM Neff. 1991. Field assessment of biomarkers for winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 22:61-67.
Carr, RS and DC Chapman. 1992. Comparison of whole sediment and pore-water toxicity tests for assessing the quality of estuarine sediments. Chem. Ecol. 7:19-30.
Carr, RS, DC Chapman and C Howard. 1993. Survey of Galveston Bay sediments and benthic communities. In: Proceedings of The Second State of the Bay Symposium, Galveston Bay National Estuary Program Publication 23, Webster, Texas, pp. 83-94
Carr, RS and DC Chapman. 1995. Comparison of methods for conducting marine and estuarine sediment porewater toxicity tests - Extraction, storage, and handling techniques. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 28:69-77.
Long, ER, RS Carr, GA Thursby and DA Wolfe. 1995. Sediment toxicity in Tampa Bay: Incidence, severity, and spatial extent. Florida Scientist 58:163-178.
MacDonald, DD, RS Carr, FD Calder, ER Long and CG Ingersoll. 1996. Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters. Ecotoxicology 5:253-278.
Carr, RS, DC Chapman, CL Howard and J Biedenbach. 1996. Sediment Quality Triad assessment survey in the Galveston Bay Texas system. Ecotoxicology 5:341-361.
D'Unger, C, D Chapman and RS Carr. 1996. Tidal discharge of produced water: An economic and toxicological case study. Environ. Manage. 20:143-150.
Carr, RS, ER Long., DC Chapman, G Thursby, JM Biedenbach, H Windom, G Sloane and DA Wolfe. 1996. Toxicity assessment studies of contaminated sediments in Tampa Bay, Florida. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15:1218-1231.
Carr, RS, DC Chapman, BJ Presley, JM Biedenbach, L Robertson, P Boothe, R Kilada, T Wade and P Montagna. 1997. Sediment porewater toxicity assessment studies in the vicinity of offshore oil and gas production platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. Can . J. Fish. Aq. Sci. 53:2618-2628.
Chapman, PM, B Anderson, RS Carr, V Engle, R Green, J Hameedi, M Harmon, P Haverland, J Hyland, C Ingersoll, E Long, J Rodgers Jr, M Salazar, PK Sibley, PJ Smith, RC Swartz, B Thompson and H Windom. 1997. General guidelines for using the Sediment Quality Triad. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 34:368-372.
Carr, RS. 1997. Marine and estuarine porewater toxicity testing. In: Microscale Aquatic Toxicology - Advances, Techniques and Practice, PG Wells, K Lee, and C Blaise (eds.), CRC Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 523-538.
Carr, RS. 1998. Sediment porewater toxicity testing. In: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, section 8080, 20th Edition, LS Clesceri, AE Greenberg, and AD Eaton (eds.), American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, pp. 8-37 to 8-41.
Hooten, RL and RS Carr. 1998. Development and application of a marine sediment porewater toxicity test using Ulva fasciata and U. lactuca zoospores. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17:932-940.
Carr, RS and JM Biedenbach. 1999. Use of power analysis to develop detectable significance criteria for sea urchin toxicity tests. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manage. 2:413-418.
Carr, RS, PA Montagna, JM Biedenbach, R Kalke, MC Kennicutt and R Hooten. 2000. Impact of storm water outfalls on sediment quality in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19:561-574.
Cripe, GM, RS Carr, SS Foss, PS Harris and RS Stanley. 2000. Effects of whole sediments from Corpus Christi Bay on survival, growth and reproduction of the mysid, Americamysis bahia (formerly Mysidopsis bahia). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 64:426-433.
Carr, RS, JM Biedenbach and R Hooten. 2001. Sediment porewater toxicity test survey and phase I sediment toxicity identification evaluation studies in Lavaca Bay, Texas - an estuarine Superfund site. Environ. Toxicol. 16:20-30.
Carr, RS, M Nipper, JM Biedenbach, RL Hooten, K Miller and S Saepoff. 2001. Sediment toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) studies at marine sites suspected of ordnance contamination. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41:298-307.
Nipper, M, RS Carr, JM Biedenbach, RL Hooten, K Miller and S Saepoff. 2001. Development of marine toxicity data for ordnance compounds. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41:308-318.
Nipper, M and RS Carr. 2001. Porewater toxicity testing: a novel approach for assessing contaminant impacts in the vicinity of coral reefs. Bull. Mar. Sci. 69:407-420.
Carr, RS, M Nipper, WJ Adams, WJ Berry, GA Burton Jr, K Ho, D MacDonald, R Scroggins and PW Winger. 2001. Porewater toxicity testing: Biological, chemical and ecological considerations with a review of methods and applications, and recommendations for future areas of research - Summary of a SETAC Technical Workshop, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL. USA, 24 p. URL: http://www.setac.org/files/porewatersummary.pdf
Nipper, M, RS Carr, JM Biedenbach, RL Hooten and K Miller. 2002. Toxicological and chemical assessment of ordnance compounds in marine sediments and pore waters. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 44:789-806.
Carr, RS and M Nipper (eds). 2003. Porewater Toxicity Testing: Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Considerations, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA, 315 p.
Carr, RS and M Nipper. 2003. Historical overview of porewater toxicity testing. In: Carr, RS and M Nipper (eds), Porewater Toxicity Testing: Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Considerations, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA, p. 1-10.
Bay, S, B Anderson and RS Carr. 2003. Comparison of pore water and solid-phase toxicity tests. In: Carr, RS and M Nipper (eds), Porewater Toxicity Testing: Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Considerations, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA, p. 11-36.
Long, ER, RS Carr and PA Montagna. 2003. Porewater toxicity tests: Values as a component of sediment quality triad assessments. In: Carr, RS and M Nipper (eds), Porewater Toxicity Testing: Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Considerations, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA, p. 163-200.
Carr, RS, ER Long, J Mondon, P Montagna and P Roscigno. 2003. Uses of porewater toxicity tests in sediment quality triad studies. In: Carr, RS and M Nipper (eds), Porewater Toxicity Testing: Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Considerations, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA, p. 201-227.
Carr, RS, JM Biedenbach and DD MacDonald. 2003. Comparison between sediment quality guidelines developed with porewater toxicity data with existing guidelines. In: Carr, RS and M Nipper (eds), Porewater Toxicity Testing: Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Considerations, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA, p. 249-262.
Nipper, M, RS Carr, WJ Adams, WJ Berry, GA Burton, Jr, KT Ho, DD MacDonald, R Scroggins and PV Winger. 2003. Recommendations for future areas of research related to biological, chemical and ecological aspects of sediment pore water - the way forward. In: Carr, RS and M Nipper (eds), Porewater Toxicity Testing: Biological, Chemical, and Ecological Considerations, SETAC Press, Pensacola, FL, USA, p. 285-292.
Nipper, M and RS Carr. 2003. Recent advances in the use of meiofaunal polychaetes for ecotoxicological assessments. Hydrobiologia 496:347-353.
Carr, RS, M Nipper and GS Plumlee. 2003. Survey of marine contamination from mining-related activities on Marinduque Island, Philippines: Porewater toxicity and chemistry. Aquat. Ecosyst. Health Manage. 6:369-379.
Nipper, M, Y Qian, RS Carr and K Miller. 2004. Degradation of picric acid and 2,6-DNT in marine sediments and waters: the role of microbial activity and ultra-violet exposure. Chemosphere 56(6): 519-530.
MacDonald, DD, RS Carr, D Eckenrod, S Grabe, H Greening, CG Ingersoll, S Janicki, T Janicki, RA Lindskoog, ER Long, R Pribble, G Sloane and DE Smorong. 2004. Development, evaluation, and application of sediment quality targets for assessing and managing contaminated sediments in Tampa Bay, Florida. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46:147-161.
Nipper, M, RS Carr, JM Biedenbach, RL Hooten and K Miller. 2005. Fate and effects of picric acid and 2,6-DNT in marine environments: Toxicity of degradation products. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 50:1205-1217.
Abessa, DMS, RS Carr, BRF Rachid, ECPM Souza, MA Hortelani and JE Sarkis. 2005. Influence of a Brazilian marine sewage outfall on the toxicity and contamination of adjacent sediment. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 50:875-885.
Burgess, R, J Sharama, P Montagna and RS Carr. 2005. Assessment of storm water outfalls in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas, USA using meiofauna. Meiofauna Marina 14: 157-169.
Carr, RS, JM Biedenbach and M Nipper. 2006. Influence of potentially confounding factors on sea urchin porewater toxicity tests . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51: 573-79.
Carr, RS and M Nipper. 2007. Sediment porewater toxicity study in Hanalei Bay, Kauai. In: Field, ME, CS Berg and SA Cochran (Eds.). Science and Management in the Hanalei Watershed; a Trans-disciplinary approach: Proceedings from the Hanalei Watershed Workshop, 21-22 February 2007, Hanalei, HI, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA, Geological Survey Open File Report 2007-1219, p. 13-15. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1219/.
Nipper, M, RS Carr, JM Biedenbach and VH Garrison. 2008. Toxicity of African dust and related components to marine organisms. In: Hofer, TN (ed.). Marine Pollution: New Research. Nova Publishers, Hauppauge, NY, USA, p. 279-295.
Carr, RS and M Nipper. Measurement of toxicity in reef sediments. In: Atlas of the Moloka`i, Hawai`i Fringing Coral Reef: Portrait of a Sediment-Threatened Ecosystem, Chapter VI. USGS (in press).
Nipper, M, RS Carr, G Lotufo and J Steevens. Aquatic toxicity of explosives. In: Sunahara, GI, J Hawari, G Lotufo and R Kuperman (eds.) Ecotoxicology of Explosives and Unexploded Ordnance. CRC Press (in press).
Lotufo, G, M Nipper, RS Carr, J Conder and J Steevens. Fate and toxicity of explosives in sediments. In: Sunahara, GI, J Hawari, G Lotufo and R Kuperman (eds.) Ecotoxicology of Explosives and Unexploded Ordnance. CRC Press (in review).
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